Background: Uncinate process (UP) is a key landmark in the lateral wall of the nose which plays a vital role in the ventilation of paranasal sinuses and is also the first structure to be resected during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). The variations in this structure can lead to intraoperative and postsurgical complications during the FESS procedure. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the variations of UP of ethmoid bone using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Retrospective data of 100 cone-beam computed radiographic CBCT images of paranasal sinuses were evaluated using CS 3D version 3.10.12 software for variations in the superior attachment of UP (SAUP) using Landsberg and Friedman and the presence of pneumatization of UP. Out of 100 CBCT images, 56 were of males and 44 were of females. Statistical Analysis Used: Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: In our study, a total of 200 sides in 100 CBCT images were studied and Type I SAUP (51%) was observed as the most common type, followed by Type II (17%), Type IV (11.5%), Type III (10%), Type V (6.5%), and Type VI (4%) is the least common type observed. No statistically significant difference was observed among gender regarding SAUP. Pneumatization of UP was seen in 7% of cases, out of which 4% were in males and 3% were in females. Conclusion: Preoperative analysis of UP variations using CBCT can reduce intraoperative and postoperative complications during FESS with less radiation exposure.

Background: The mandible is considered one of the most reliable bones available for gender discrimination. The mandibular Bonwill's triangle measurements can be used for the identification of gender either on the dry mandible or through three-dimensional imaging like computed tomography (CT) or cone-beam CT (CBCT). Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the mandibular Bonwill's triangle parameters using CBCT for gender determination. Materials and Methods: Morphometric analysis was performed on 80 CBCT images of Indian participants. The mandibular Bonwill's triangle parameters (C-LR, IC-L, IC-R, and semi-perimeter) were measured in the axial sections of CBCT images to predict the gender. Statistical Analysis: The Mann–Whitney test was used to compare the mean values between males and females, and the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare the mean values among different age groups. Results: The participants' ages ranged from 20 to 60 years, with an equal number of males (40) and females (40). The mean distance of C-LR was 106.72 mm in males and 102.59 mm in females. The mean distance of IC-L was 105.09 mm in males and 100.10 mm in females, while that of IC-R was 104.02 mm in males and 99.50 mm in females. The mean value of the semi-perimeter of the Bonwill's triangle was 157.93 mm in males and 151.09 mm in females. All these differences in variables between males and females were statistically significant. Using these variables, the overall prediction accuracy of this study was 75%, with 77.5% in males and 72.5% in females. Conclusion: The parameters of the mandibular Bonwill's triangle in the Indian population were observed to be larger in males than females. Hence, these parameters can be used for gender identification in forensic and medicolegal practice.

Introduction: The use of morphological features of the mandible is a common approach used by anthropologists and forensic dentists in the determination of sex. Among many anatomical landmarks of the skull, the mental foramen (MF) is a stable landmark on the mandible. Aim of the Study: The aim of the study was to analyze the sex-based variations of MF using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study evaluated 60 CBCT scans, retrieved from the radiological archives of our institution. MF was identified in the sagittal section of both the right and left sides. Parameters such as width of MF (W), the height of MF (H), the distance from superior border of MF to the lower border of the mandible (SMF-LM), the distance from inferior border of MF to the lower border of the mandible (IMF-LM), and the interforaminal distance (IFD) were evaluated and compared between the two groups. Statistical Analysis: The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS 27 version software. Paired t-test was done for intragroup analysis; unpaired t-test was done for intergroup analysis. Results: The SMF-LM distance, IMF-LM distance, and the IFD were significantly greater in males compared to females. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the distance from MF to the lower border of the mandible and the IFD showed clear sexual dimorphism and can be used as an effective tool for sex discrimination.

Objectives: Multi-b-value diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is useful for the detection of pathological tissues. The signal decay curve of each voxel is generally analyzed using an exponential model; however, the most appropriate curve for an analysis does not necessarily follow a single function. We used model-free analysis to classify data from the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) into clusters according to the pattern of decay curves. This clustering should be able to classify groups of voxels representing different tissue properties in the neurovascular bundle of the IAN. Materials and Methods: DWI with eight b-values was acquired from the IANs of 13 normal volunteers. K-means cluster analysis was used to classify the data. Silhouette analysis was performed to define the optimum number of clusters. The suitability of single and double exponential functions was evaluated for each cluster. The fitting and spatial distributions of parameters associated with diffusion and perfusion using the double exponential model were tested. Results: The optimum number of clusters was three. The cluster that exhibited the steepest decay curve showed a higher apparent diffusion coefficient than the others, and was affected by the perfusion component. The cluster with the most gradual decay curve showed the best fit to the double exponential function, and contained the highest volume fraction of the slow diffusion component, indicating a different distribution to the other clusters. Conclusions: Clustering of DWI was accomplished without model fitting and was presumably based on the diffusivity properties of IAN, which may be influenced by microcirculation and fascicles.

Mucormycosis is a fungal infection typically affecting diabetic or immunocompromised patients. Very few cases have been reported in the literature in the past but multiple studies have shown that it is increasing, especially in this COVID era. It is highly invasive in nature hence early diagnosis is obligatory. Radiological imaging plays an important role in its diagnosis and to evaluate the extent of disease, in turn facilitating timely intervention. The objective of this clinical report is to evaluate a case of rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis that involved the medical and surgical treatment of an immunocompromised male patient. In this interventional case study, a comprehensive evaluation of presenting features and imaging diagnostic evaluation are discussed in detail.

Pleomorphic adenoma is a most common benign neoplasm of salivary glands that has the epithelial as well as the mesenchymal elements. The World Health Organization in 1972 defined pleomorphic adenoma as a “well-defined tumor characterized by its pleomorphic or mixed appearance.” There is intermixing of the clearly identified epithelial components with mucoid, myxoid, and chondroid components. Pleomorphic adenoma most commonly arises in the parotid or submandibular gland and infrequently occurs in minor salivary glands and presents as intraoral swellings on the palate or lip. The tumor shows a malignant transformation rate of about 9%, and a high recurrence rate has been reported. This case report highlights the clinical, radiological, and histopathological presentation of pleomorphic adenoma.