Radiographic imaging is one of the greatest investigative tools that are used in medical sciences since ages. There is an important role of imaging in staging, during treatment planning, and post-treatment follow up of patients with head and neck cancer. To design an effective treatment strategy, two tasks are very important which are accurate staging and timely assessment of the cancer. There lies the importance of pre-treatment imaging in diagnosis. Awareness of the presence of cervical node metastasis is important in treatment planning and in prognostic prediction for patients with head and neck cancer. Currently, MRI and CT are commonly used to evaluate the primary tumor and the neck status. They characterize the cervical lymph nodes dependent on morphological criteria. Doppler ultrasound and Positron emission tomography are also used to overcome some of the limitations of MRI and CT.

Dental implants have become an accepted form of permanent tooth replacement. Advanced imaging studies can be used to determine the suitability of implant placement. Dental computed tomography (CT) has been proved to be an excellent procedure for characterizing the anatomy and dental related abnormalities of the jaws. A number of modalities such as dentascan, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), dental CBCT software, etc., are now available. This makes the diagnostic process more interactive and increases the diagnostic potential. This article reviews the various imaging modalities available for pre-operative implant site assessment, measurement of bone density, use of radio opaque surgical guide and stimulation of implant placement using computerized application of CT.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of idiopathic osteosclerosis (IO) in a Turkish population on orthopantomographs with respect to age, sex, and lesion characteristics and investigate the lesion's relationship with mandibular canal with the aid of cross-sectional cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods: 8000 panoramic radiographs taken with two digital orthopantomograph devices over a 10-month period were evaluated. Each patient was assigned an identification number, and demographic information (age, sex), absence/presence of a lesion, and if present, lesion characteristics (localization, dental relationship, size, and shape) were recorded. Additionally, cross-sectional CBCT images of 30 patients with IO were examined in terms of relationship with mandibular canal. Results: 273 IO lesions were detected in 225 patients (130 females, 95 males; mean age: 33.1 years). The majority of lesions were observed in the mandibular premolar and molar areas. IO lesions occurred more frequently among middle-aged individuals and at higher rates among females (3.1%, n = 130) than males (2.8%, n = 95); however, differences by age and sex were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). Cross-sectional images revealed that 80% of the lesions were in contact with mandibular canal. None of the lesions showed any cortical expansion. Conclusions: This large-scale study found IO to have a low prevalence rate among a Turkish population. IO was observed to occur more frequently in females than in males and to be most common among individuals aged 20-29. CBCT results suggested a possible association between IO lesions and mandibular canal.

Objective: To obtain normative cephalometric data of upper airway in normal adult population. Materials and Methods: Study included 60 healthy subjects, 30 males and 30 females with age range of 18-40 years with normal skeletal profile, no history of sleep-related disorders, obesity. The cephalometric parameters assessed included airway measurements like size of the tongue, soft palate, dimensions of naso, oro, hypopharynx, and relative positions of hyoid bone and vellaculae. Statistical Analysis: Paired t-test was used T-value <0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Significant sex dimorphisms were observed in most of the parameters with the exception of upper airway width and length of soft palate. Conclusions: The data provides preliminary details of upper airway assessment in normal individuals. Further correlations can be drawn with the studies comparing airway dimensions in normal individuals and in subjects with sleep-related disorders.

Aim: In this study, cephalometric assessment of Eustachian tube parameters (linear and angular) in Down syndrome (DS) and chronic otitis media (COM), and their comparison with those of normal group were done. In DS, COM, and normal groups, the Eustachian tube length (ET length), total cranial base (TCB), posterior upper facial height (PUFH), maxillary depth (MD), sella-basion (s-ba) to palatal line (s-ba to PL), and s-ba to ET length were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The study comprised 75 subjects of both sexes in the age range of 7-20 years. Digital lateral cephalometry was performed for DS (n = 25), COM (n = 25), and controls (n = 25). Results: In the present study, the ET length, TCB, PUFH, and MD were found to be significantly reduced in the DS as compared to the COM and normal groups. s-ba to PL and s-ba to ET were significantly reduced. Conclusion: Craniofacial malformations and associated disability of DS warrants further research. Aberration in the dimension of the region of the ET can be considered as a predisposing factor for COM in DS. Assessment of ET-related parameters in COM and DS is essential in gauging the functional disability and planning measures to treat the same.

The location and configuration of the mandibular canal are important in surgical procedures involving the mandible. Bifid mandibular canal (BMC) and trifid mandibular canal (TMC) are variations of the normal anatomy. In the literature, occurrence of TMC is much rarer than BMC that only a few cases have been reported. These variations can be detected on a panoramic radiograph however more precise information about the course of the mandibular canal can be revealed on cross-sectional tomographic images. This paper presents a rare case of TMC evaluated by panoramic radiograph and CBCT. The main purpose of this case report is to pay attention to an apparently harmful anomaly, which can induce complications while surgical procedures.

Craniofacial microsomia is a unique clinical presentation of "1 ^st and 2 ^nd arch syndrome" with asymmetrical craniofacial development along with conductive hearing loss. It involves the underdevelopment of the structures of the first and second pharyngeal arches: Maxilla, mandible, external and middle ear, facial and trigeminal nerves, muscles of mastication and overlying soft tissue. In this article, we report a case of craniofacial microsomia diagnosed based on clinical and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) findings. CBCT scan revealed incompletely formed inner ear structures in association with craniofacial microsomia, rarely reported in the literature.

Cemento-osseous dysplasia is a non-neoplastic process usually confined to the tooth bearing areas of jaws or edentulous alveolar process. Cemento-osseous dysplasias are categorized into three types on basis of the clinical and radiographic features: Periapical, focal and florid. Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia is benign fibrous osseous condition that can be seen in dentulous and edentulous patient. The lesion is detected only on radiographic examination with variation comprising a combination of radiolucent and radiopaque pattern. It is asymptomatic and needs no treatment. We report an unusual case of concomitant occurrence of infected focal cemento-osseous dysplasia in mandible with atypical clinical presentation of two sinus openings and a radicular cyst in maxilla.

Bifid mandibular condyle is an uncommon anatomic variation with a varied etiology implicated with its development. It can be symptomatic or the majority of the cases are diagnosed incidentally during radiographic examination. Bifid mandibular condyle may have a developmental origin or may occur secondary to trauma. The purpose of this paper is to report a case with bilateral bifid mandibular condyles associated with a history of condylar fractures presented with computed tomography and panoramic radiography findings.

Odontomas are the most common type of odontogenic tumors and are generally asymptomatic. They are usually discovered on routine radiographic examination. Frequently it may interfere with the eruption of the teeth. Eruption of odontoma into the oral cavity is very rare. We report a case of an asymptomatic erupted compound odontoma in an 18-year-old female patient, situated between right mandibular canine and lingually placed right lateral incisor, causing crowding of lower anterior teeth, along with a brief review of the literature.

The retromolar canal (RMC) is an anatomical structure of the mandible with the clinical importance for surgical procedures such as impacted molar extraction and sagittal split ramus osteotomy. Since the RMC has omitted in anatomical textbooks and has rarely been reported in the dental literature, awareness of this condition is important. The aim of this study was to describe two cases of RMC and foramen on the basis of cone beam computed tomography images: One in a 53-year-old female and the other in a 64-year-old female. The authors believe that the present study will aid to the confirmation of the "RMC;" thus, permitting the planning of surgery with a lower risk of surgical damage.

Keratocyst odonogenic tumor (Kcot) is one of the most prevalent lesions in the oral cavity recently named as a tumor due to its aggressive behavior and growth pattern, which is seen in the mandibular jaw especially in the posterior regions. One of the most important characteristics of this tumor is wide extension in the lack of distinctive clinical expansion. However, some rare Kcot cases with unusual location and clinical behavior have been reported. The present article that is a case of Kcot with distinctive expansion in the anterior region of maxilla among them. A 26-year-old female with a chief complaint of swelling in the right side of maxilla initiated from 1 year ago was referred to the clinic. Clinical examinations revealed a fluctuant swelling without any tenderness in the apical region of teeth number 12, 13 and 14. A well-defined uni-cystic radiolucency with sclerotic borders from the distal of the tooth number16 to the distal of the tooth number 22 resulted in root displacement of teeth 12 and 13 was seen in panoramic radiography and computed tomography scan. Superior displacement of the inferior border of the right maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity floor was also seen. Finally, with performing excisional biopsy, histopathological diagnosis was as Kcot. Due to the different clinical and radiographic manifestations of Kcot, it is necessary to complete evaluation of cyst-like lesions in unusual locations with uncommon clinical characteristics.