Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the demographic, clinicopathologic and imaging features of dentigerous cysts (DCs) and to review the literature. Materials and Methods: In this study, between 2010 and 2012, we analyzed 18 DCs of 18 patients (9 female, 9 male) whose ages ranged from 13 to 61. Results: Of the 18 DCs, 33% were found in the maxilla and 67% in the mandible. The most common site for DC was the mandibular molar region, and the most frequently involved tooth was the mandibular third molar. About 67% of the cases were found in the right side and 33% in the left side of the jaws. In the 67% of cases, displacement was observed in the involved tooth and/or adjacent teeth. 44% of the DCs partially surrounded the crown (lateral variety) and 56% surrounded the crown of the tooth (central variety). About 39% of cases had symptoms such as pain, swelling and drainage. 6% of the cases were infected, and resorption in the involved tooth was detected. 6% of the cases, DC caused devitalization of the adjacent tooth. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that DCs occurred most frequently in the posterior region of the mandible and related to third molar tooth. The cysts had a tendency to displace associated and/or adjacent teeth. Panoramic radiography is important in finding out these cysts. Computed tomography is recommended for differential diagnosis, expansion and association with neighboring anatomical structures.

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Aims: The aim was to examine root canal morphology of permanent mandibular incisors in a Turkish sub-population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 382 patients with 1438 healthy permanent mandibular incisors were evaluated. According to Vertucci's classification, teeth were examined to determine the number of roots, the number of canals and canal configurations. The effects of gender and age on the incidence of root-canal morphology were investigated. Results: All of the permanent mandibular incisors had a single root. The majority of mandibular incisors (64.4%) had a single root with a single canal. A second root canal was present more frequently (35.6%) in the mandibular incisors. The prevalence of the two canals system was as follows: Left central incisor 37.9%, right central incisor 38.6%, left lateral incisor 37.4% and right lateral incisor 35.6% (P > 0.05). According to gender, 15.2% of teeth in males and 20.4% in females had a second canal (P > 0.05). Type 1 Vertucci configuration (64.4%) was the most prevalent configuration followed by type 3 (19.4%), type 2 (15.2%), type 5 (0.8%) and type 4 (0.2%). There was no effect of age and gender on the number of roots, number of canals and canal configurations. Conclusion: The prevalence of the second canal in mandibular incisors was high but within the range of previous studies performed on different populations. CBCT imaging is an excellent method for detection of different canal configurations of mandibular incisors.

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Objectives: To characterize cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image quality (IQ) and dose for different fields of view (FOVs), voxel size, and angular rotation. Materials and Methods: IQ parameters, including image noise, homogeneity, geometric distortion, artifacts, contrast resolution and spatial resolution, and radiation dose, were measured for different FOV, voxel size, and angular rotation for an iCAT NG CBCT machine. Results: Noise increased with smaller voxel sizes as measured in the homogeneity layers. The 360° gantry rotation leads to improvements in contrast-to-noise ratio and spatial resolution and a decrease in artifacts compare to 180° gantry rotation with the same voxel size and FOV. Dose reduction was not always observed with smaller FOVs if smaller voxel sizes and longer scan times are used. Some of the test objects included in the phantom are not useful for dental CBCT machines, such as the range of resolutions tested by the bar pattern insert and the suitability of the materials used for the contrast assessment layer. Conclusions: A reduction in the patient dose can be achieved by reducing the angular rotation to 180°, increasing the acquired voxel size or decreasing the FOV height. However, using the reduced rotation angle also leads to increased artifacts around metallic objects. Changing the voxel size did not necessarily lead to improved spatial resolution or reduced dose, as some of the voxel sizes on this machine have identical imaging parameters.

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Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaw bones is a rare benign intraosseous lesions that is commonly seen as indolent lesions in the mandible anterior to the first molar. It is a localized osteolytic lesion with the varied biologic behavior of aggression which affects the jaw bones. There is much controversy regarding it arising as a result of trauma and its connection with the giant cell lesion seen in the long bones. Since the lesion is uncommon, does not possess any characteristic clinical or radiologic features, and resembles neoplasms, the diagnosis is initially some odontogenic or non-odontogenic neoplasm till a definitive histologic diagnosis of CGCG is made. CGCG is divided into a rare aggressive variant and a common nonaggressive variant based on the clinical and radiographic features. The present case is a rare aggressive CGCG seen in the posterior mandible associated with mandibular swelling, rapid growth, pain, paraesthesia, and cortical bone perforation.

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Stafne bone cavity (SBC), commonly known as Stafne bone cyst or defect is mostly asymptomatic, appearing as a unilateral, round or ovoid, radiolucent defect with thick and corticated border. Defects that are referred as pseudocysts generally occur in mandibular molar region, below the mandibular canal at the lingual side of the mandible and may grow slowly in time. They have been also located lingually in the anterior mandible above the mylohyoid muscle, and on the ascending ramus just inferior to mandibular condyle or very rarely buccal region of the ascending ramus. The aim of this case report is to present two unusual cases of SBC detected incidentally during radiographic examination with cone beam computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. In the first case, significant enlargement caused vestibular resorption of the buccal cortex, which is a rare finding with SBCs and in the second case the large bone resorption reached up to the mental foramen.

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Context: Trabecular bone around dental implants has been rarely evaluated by means of fractal analysis. Aims: The aim was to assess fractal dimension (FD) values of peri-implant bone 12 months after implant installation and to compare these FD values with those of healthy control sites on the contralateral side of the implant area. Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs from 29 patients with 29 mandibular implants functioning for 12 months were analyzed. Radiographs were digitized at 300 dpi with 256 grey levels. Healthy trabecular bone from the corresponding contralateral implant-free area was referred as "control site." Three region of interests (ROIs) from mesial, distal and apical areas were selected for each implant and each control site. The FD from peri-implant and control ROIs were calculated by means of box-counting method. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measure on one factor. The independent variable included a between-subjects variable, the site and within-subject variable, repeated measures of ROI. An alpha level of 0.05 was utilized. Results: Mean FD for apical, mesial and distal peri-implant areas were 1.220, 1.222 and 1.226 respectively while the corresponding results were 1.198, 1.183 and 1.202 for control sites. There was not a significant main effect between the FD values of implant and control sides (P = 0.332). Similarly, result of the main effect of ROI (apical, mesial, distal) on FD values was not statistically significant (P = 0.632). Conclusions: Fractal dimension values from trabecular bone around implants as calculated from panoramic radiographs at 12 months revealed comparable results with implant-free healthy alveolar bone.

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Objective: To obtain normative cephalometric data of upper airway in normal adult population. Materials and Methods: Study included 60 healthy subjects, 30 males and 30 females with age range of 18-40 years with normal skeletal profile, no history of sleep-related disorders, obesity. The cephalometric parameters assessed included airway measurements like size of the tongue, soft palate, dimensions of naso, oro, hypopharynx, and relative positions of hyoid bone and vellaculae. Statistical Analysis: Paired t-test was used T-value <0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Significant sex dimorphisms were observed in most of the parameters with the exception of upper airway width and length of soft palate. Conclusions: The data provides preliminary details of upper airway assessment in normal individuals. Further correlations can be drawn with the studies comparing airway dimensions in normal individuals and in subjects with sleep-related disorders.

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Aims and Objectives: The aim of this is to identify and classify maxillofacial fractures using multislice computed tomography (CT) and identify the advantages of three-dimensional (3D) rendered images over two-dimensional axial images in evaluating maxillofacial injuries. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive study. Multislice CT evaluation was done on 60 patients with maxillofacial injuries using a 16-slice CT scanner. 3D rendered images, as well as coronal reformatted images, were reconstructed. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive study. Results: Individuals within the age group of 36–45 years were most commonly affected by maxillofacial injuries with males being more common. The most common cause of these injuries was road traffic accident in 40 (80%) cases. The mandible was the most involved region observed in 37 cases, maxillary and nasoorbitoethmoid region being the next common regions seen in 32 (53.3%) cases. 3D rendered images were similar or superior to axial images (in the assessment of fractures) in most patients and were inferior when the fractures involved the thin bones of the orbital region. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that Multislice CT with 3D images provides better perception of the pattern of the fracture lines, and the displacement of the bony fragments thus helping in the faster and improved communication of the information to the referring physician. However, the 3D images alone have a limited role in evaluating orbital region fractures and also when there is minimal displacement of the fractured fragment.

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Radiographic imaging is one of the greatest investigative tools that are used in medical sciences since ages. There is an important role of imaging in staging, during treatment planning, and post-treatment follow up of patients with head and neck cancer. To design an effective treatment strategy, two tasks are very important which are accurate staging and timely assessment of the cancer. There lies the importance of pre-treatment imaging in diagnosis. Awareness of the presence of cervical node metastasis is important in treatment planning and in prognostic prediction for patients with head and neck cancer. Currently, MRI and CT are commonly used to evaluate the primary tumor and the neck status. They characterize the cervical lymph nodes dependent on morphological criteria. Doppler ultrasound and Positron emission tomography are also used to overcome some of the limitations of MRI and CT.

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Quick response (QR) codes are two-dimensional barcodes that are used to encode and decode information. QR code is an innovative approach in which patient details and radiographic interpretation can be encoded. These QR codes can be shared efficiently worldwide with easy authentication. QR code is a boost to early diagnosis and retrospective studies. Implementing QR code in Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology will save time, eliminate paper work, and problems encountered in storage of patient details with radiographic interpretation and minimize manual efforts in retrieval of information.

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Aneurysmal bone cyst (ABC), is a rare benign osteolytic bone neoplasm of bone tissue characterized by several sponge-like blood or serum filled, generally non-endothelialized spaces of various diameters that can contain osteoid tissue and osteoclast-like giant cells. In this article, we describe a case of ABC in the mandibular corpus region with clinical, radiological and pathological findings and review the literature concerning the case. A 23-year-old male patient attended to our clinic with the complaint of a mild-pain on the left posterior lower jaw since two months. The superior margin of the lesion was extending between the apical third parts of the roots of the teeth 35-38. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed. CBCT Slices revealed an expansile lesion with hydraulic-appearing outer margins above the mandibular canal. Excisional surgical treatment was performed after raising a mucoperiosteal flap and finalized with curette of lesion under local anesthesia. Diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst was confirmed by histopathological evaluation. The patient was pain free after six months follow-up, and panoramic radiography showed no evidence of recurrence. The ABC is most common in those regions of the skeleton where there is a relatively high venous pressure and high marrow content. Clinical presentation of the ABC varies from a small, indolent, asymptomatic lesion to rapidly growing, expansile, destructive lesion causing pain, swelling, deformity, neurologic symptoms, pathologic fracture, and perforation of the cortex. As the radiologic and clinical presentation of ABC is extremely variable, histopathologic examination is placed a great emphasis on for the diagnosis.

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Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia (FCOD) is a benign fibro-osseous lesion which changes cancellous bone tissue with each fibrous tissue and cementum-like material, or both together. The teeth that are related to the lesion are vital, and FCOD is generally asymptomatic. FCOD is, usually, found during routine radiographic examination. The etiology and pathogenesis of FCOD are unknown. This lesion is evaluated to be a reactive or a dysplastic process in the periapical tissues. Radiologic images of FCOD change depending on the amount of mineralization. Radiological appearance of FCOD is either only complete radiolocent or only complete radio-opaque or mixed radiolucent, radio-opaque together. In this case report an FCOD is presented, which is located between the first premolar and the second molar on the left side mandible of a 60-year-old female patient. The lesion caused perforation and expansion of alveolar bone. The diagnosis, treatment and 1 year follow-up after surgery are reported.

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Transmigration is considerably a rare preeruptive dislocation of an affected tooth across the midline. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a relatively new technology in dentomaxillofacial radiology. The aim of the study is to present a case report of progressing transmigration in an 11-year-old girl examined by means of CBCT. A 9-year-old girl was referred for CBCT twice before and during orthodontic treatment. In the baseline examination, the impacted lower left canine was impacted and incorrectly positioned, but 9 months later, the canine had already crossed the midline. In conclusion, to the authors' best knowledge, this is the first case of observation of mandibular canine transmigration by means of CBCT that allows precise evaluation of the transmigrating tooth.

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the dentist's knowledge and practice about dose reduction techniques, radiographic equipment and quality of dental radiographic service among private dental practitioners in Davangere City, India. Materials and Methods: The survey was performed on 80 dental practitioners from Davangere City, India. Information on the demographic characteristics of the dentists, radiographic equipment, techniques and processing they used and radiation protection was obtained with a 40 point questionnaire. Results: The study yielded a response rate of 90%. The respondents' knowledge concerning the technical details of their equipment was limited, with 27.7% not knowing kVp settings of their equipment. Only 11% and 5% respondents reported having long and rectangular collimators respectively. Regarding the film speed 16.6% dental practitioners were unaware about it. The most preferred technique (81%) for periapical radiography was the bisecting angle technique. Lead aprons were worn more often by female dentists. None of the dental practitioners had thyroid collars. The distance of the dentist to the radiation tube during exposure was on average 2.2 m, although 13% of the dentists assisted in holding the image receptor inside the patient's mouth. Only 4% of the dental practitioners reported that they used automatic processor. About 40% of the dental practitioners used film badges. Conclusions: In the present study, the results indicate that for minimizing any unnecessary radiation, attempts should be made to improve dentists' knowledge about radiation dose reduction techniques. Some dose-reducing strategies are commonly used in Davangere Dental clinics, whereas others have not gained wide acceptance.

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Context of the Study: In India, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) has lately gained popularity as preferred imaging modality by the dental practitioners in recent times. However, CBCT is included neither in the undergraduate nor the Postgraduate dental curriculum. There is also a lack of any standardized training modules on CBCT. Many CBCT imaging centers are being established in various cities of India lately; however optimal use of this technique cannot be assured without assessing the attitude and present status of knowledge of the dental practitioners in this field. This shall warranty some remedial steps; in case a gap in knowledge is identified. Hence, this study was designed to analyze the current status of the knowledge, attitude and perspective of the dental practitioners in Pune, Maharashtra toward the use of CBCT. Materials and Methods: A survey was conducted among dental specialists, using a structured questionnaire. This was complemented with the opinion of the experts in the field of Oral Radiology. Results: The study results indicate that there is a definite gap in knowledge of CBCT applications among the dental specialists. The dental specialists themselves feel that there is a lack of awareness as well as training in this field, and strongly perceive a need for the same. Even the experts in the field of oral radiology strongly agree educational strategies must be developed for training in CBCT. Introduction of training in CBCT at undergraduate as well as Postgraduate level, and developing well-structured training modules shall ensure that dental specialists use this technique in an efficient way to improve the accuracy and reliability of Oral and Maxillo-facial diagnosis, treatment planning and outcomes.

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Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of impacted permanent molars in a Turkish subpopulation. Materials and Methods: A total of 45816 panoramic radiographs of patients aged more than 13 years were examined retrospectively to determine the presence, number, location, position, and related complications. The patients' age and sex were noted. During statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and cross-tabulations, Chi-square test, and Fisher's exact were used. The P value was set at 0.05. Results: The prevalence of impacted permanent molars was found to be 0.18% in this population. In total, 109 impacted first/second molars were observed in 83 patients, 18 cases had two or more impacted permanent molars. Impacted first/second molars were observed significantly more frequently in male patients than in female patients (P < 0.05). Mandible was a more common region of impaction (P < 0.05) whereas there was no significant difference between the left and right sides (P > 0.05). According to the position of the impacted permanent molars, 58 were detected as vertical direction, 28 were impacted as mesioangular, 12 were impacted as distoangular, 9 were impacted as horizontal, and 2 were impacted as buccolingual direction. In this study, cystic changes related to impacted teeth were observed in 14 (12.9%) cases and root resorption, carious lesion of the neighboring teeth were uncommon, our findings showed that majority of impacted first/second molars were found to be asymptomatic. Conclusions: Early diagnosis and treatment of eruption disturbances may avoid impaction in complicated orthodontic treatment.

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Purpose: Early precise evaluation of periapical inflammatory lesions is necessary not only for diagnosis but also for treatment and follow-up. This study was performed to compare direct digital intraoral periapical images with three-dimensional (3D) images acquired from cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the diagnosis and treatment planning of periapical pathology. Materials and Methods: Sixty teeth with clinical and/or radiographic evidence of periapical pathology were examined with direct digital imaging (DDI) and CBCT technique. Both the image dataset were evaluated by three oral radiologists. Numbers of roots and root canals, presence and location of periapical lesions, size of the lesion, root resorption and root fracture, and relation of the lesion to cortical bone and neighboring structures were studied. Cone-beam computed tomography periapical Index (CBCTPAI) was used and the values were compared using Wilcoxon-matched pairs test. The scores obtained for the 5-point scale for presence/absence of periapical lesion were also compared using Wilcoxon-matched pairs test. Results: Among 60 teeth, both the techniques demonstrated periapical lesions in 52 teeth, and an additional 5 teeth were found to have periapical lesions in the CBCT images. In regards to individual roots, 67 lesions were found in both the techniques, and 33 more roots were found to have lesions in CBCT images. Statistical analysis showed significant difference in both the imaging modalities for ascertaining the presence or absence of lesion on the 5-point scale and significant difference between DDI and CBCT in relation to the CBPAI scores. Conclusions: A high-resolution 3D technique can be of value for diagnosis of periapical problems, especially for multirooted teeth. CBCT is a promising technology for the diagnosis and management of periapical pathology.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of lateral oblique radiography (LOR) at two different incidence angles for the bucco-lingual topographic localization of the mandibular canal with respect to the lower third molars. Materials And Method: A total of 24 dry jaws bearing at least one third molar were subject to LOR at vertical incidence angles of 0° and -30°. A trained and calibrated examiner measured the distance between the top of the mandibular canal to the most apical point of the third molar, using a digital calliper and individual light box for the radiographs. Based on the analysis of the two measurements (incidence angles of 0° and -30°) and considering the buccal object rule, the observer estimated the location of the mandibular canal, which was classified as lingual, central or buccal to the corresponding third molar. Results were compared with the computerized tomography images (gold standard). Results: The statistical analysis included sensitivity, specificity and accuracy tests. These results showed that LOR (0° e -30°) could be used to determine the bucco-lingual location of the mandibular canal with respect to the third molar. Conclusion: In spite of the magnification, LOR images demonstrated that the technique could be used for this study proposal.

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Objectives: Radiopacity can facilitate diagnostic observations adjacent to flowable resin composites. The aim of this study was to evaluate the radiopacity of the current low viscosity flowable resin composites and to compare them with human dental tissues. Materials and Methods: Five specimens of seven flowable light cured composite materials with a thickness of 2 mm were prepared and radiographed alongside an aluminum stepwedge, human enamel and dentin. Three standart occlusal radiographs for each material were taken with exposure time of 0.32 seconds and focus-film distance of 40 cm. Films were processed in an automatic device, and digitized using a desktop scanner. Mean gray values of the materials, stepwedge, enamel and dentine were measured using Image J software. The data were analyzed using the Duncan multiple range test. Results: The mean gray values of flowable resin composites ranged from 26.61 ± 1.45 to 38.38 ± 1.47. The radiopacity values of the materials evaluated were in decreasing order: G-aenial Flo, Filtek Ultimate Flowable, Flowline, Estelite Flow Quick, Leaddent Flow, Supraflow, Bright Light Flow. All flowable resin composites, except Bright Light Flow, demonstrated significantly greater radiopacity values than 2 mm of the aluminum scale and dentin (P < 0.05). The radiopacity of only one flowable composite, G-aenial Flo, was found to be significantly higher from enamel (P < 0.05). Conclusions: All investigated materials presented radiopacity values above the minimum recommended by the international organization for standardization.

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Osteomas are benign, slow growing osteogenic tumors. They are often occurring in the craniofacial bones but rarely originates from the mandible. Osteomas have three varieties as central, peripheral and extraskeletal. Central and peripheral osteomas are often seen in the facial bones. Peripheral osteoma often located in the frontal, ethmoid and maxillary sinus, but rarely occurs in the jaws. Usually they are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during radiological and clinical examinations. Osteomas are characterized with well-defined, rounded or oval radiopaque mass in the computed tomography. Herein, we report a rare case of peripheral osteoma of the lower part of the mandible in a 19-year-old female with radiologic and pathologic findings.

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A 63-year-old male patient admitted to another hospital for prosthetic restoration. On the panoramic radiograph a lesion was detected on the right mandible and he was referred for a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) examination. The patient then admitted to our clinic for the diagnosis of this lesion. Review of the dental records revealed that a panoramic radiograph and a maxillofacial computed tomography scan were made about 10 years ago, and a Stafne bone cavity (SBC) was diagnosed. Moreover, a follow-up panoramic radiograph was made about 5 years ago. Despite the explanation given, the patient requested the CBCT examination in a private imaging center. The imaging features of the lesion were the same. In order to protect the patients from unnecessary radiation, the clinicians should make every effort to prevent duplicate imaging, and X-ray based advanced imaging techniques should be reserved for selected cases.

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Stafne bone cavity (SBC) is an asymptomatic lingual bone depression that usually described as a small oval homogenous radiolucency in the posterior mandibular region. The radiographic appearance and location of the SBC are characteristic and easily identified. The diagnosis can be confirmed by computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging or sialography. This report describes a case of SBC in a 61-year-old male asymptomatic patient, presenting as a radiolucency in the left mandibular body with loss of buccal and lingual cortical plates on three-dimensional CT scan.

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Objectives: Odontomas are the most common variety of odontogenic tumors and derived from differentiated epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the prevalence, types and localization of the odontomas in Turkish patients. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of panoramic images that were taken between April 2011 and January 2014 in the Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy (GATA), Turkey. A total of 14,250 panoramic images were evaluated by an experienced dentomaxillofacial radiology specialist. The clinicopathologic features of odontomas such as, anatomic location, distribution in gender, age of the patients and the incidence of the odontomas were assessed. Results: A total of 22 odontomas in 20 patients (11 females; 9 males) (0.14%) were found of the 14,250 patients` panoramic view. About 36.4% of the lesions were complex odontomas and 63.6% were diagnosed as compound odontomas. About 18.2% of all cases were in the maxilla and 81.8% in the mandible. The anterior portion of mandible was found the most common location (40.9%) in this study. Conclusions: According to the result of this study, the compound types of the odontomas are more common than complex odontomas and the anterior mandible is the most affected site. It was noted that even though odontomas are the most common variety of odontogenic tumors, they rarely occur.

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Background: Osteoporosis is characterized by the progressive loss of bone density, which leads to severe fractures. This study conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of the mandibular radiomorphometric indices of panoramic radiographs to predict the status of bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs of ninety postmenopausal women (thirty osteoporotic, thirty osteopenic, and thirty controls) with the mean age of 54.47 years were evaluated. Bone densitometry was performed by using the dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry method. Variables such as the mandibular cortical width (MCW), panoramic mandibular index (PMI), gonial angle, mandibular cortical index (MCI), and the number of teeth lost were assessed. Results: The average of MCW in normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic groups were 4.56, 3.97, and 3.39 mm, respectively. The PMI in normal, osteopenic, and osteoporotic groups was calculated as 0.33, 0.28, and 0.24, respectively. The MCW, PMI, and the number of teeth lost in the three groups showed statistically significant differences (P = 0.0001). The MCI had a significant difference in the three groups (P = 0.0001). The optimal cutoff points for MCW and PMI to predict low BMD were 4.13 mm and 0.29, respectively. Conclusions: The MCW, PMI, and MCI have a high diagnostic value to predict low BMD. By increasing the age and the postmenopausal duration, MCW and PMI decrease, whereas C3 form of MCI and the number of teeth lost showed increase. About 1 mm decrease in MCW increased the odds of reduced BMD (osteoporosis, osteopenia) up to 3.22-fold.

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Dental implants have become an accepted form of permanent tooth replacement. Advanced imaging studies can be used to determine the suitability of implant placement. Dental computed tomography (CT) has been proved to be an excellent procedure for characterizing the anatomy and dental related abnormalities of the jaws. A number of modalities such as dentascan, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), dental CBCT software, etc., are now available. This makes the diagnostic process more interactive and increases the diagnostic potential. This article reviews the various imaging modalities available for pre-operative implant site assessment, measurement of bone density, use of radio opaque surgical guide and stimulation of implant placement using computerized application of CT.

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