Internal derangement is the most common pathological condition affecting the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of TMJ is principally directed toward assessment of the soft-tissue abnormalities in terms of internal derangement. This pedagogical article describes anatomy and biomechanics and provides a pictorial overview of the MRI findings of the disc abnormalities of TMJ.

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Reflections of the invention of W.C. Roentgen reached Turkey in a very short period of time. In the field of medicine, Captain Dr. Esat Feyzi and Captain Dr. Rifat Osman were the first who utilized X-rays in Turkey. Just after the invention of X-rays, the first intraoral radiograms were obtained by Otto Walkhoff and Wilhelm Koenig in Germany and by Frank Harrison in England. The first dental radiology department in Turkey was founded in the Istanbul Darülfünunu Dişçi Mektebi (Istanbul University Faculty of Dentistry) in 1927. Also, dental radiology education started at that time. The first book about radiology was written in 1928, which also was contained information about dental radiology. The first dentist whose profession was radiology was Galip Abdi Rona in Turkey. Rona also presented a paper and made radiology presentations in the first Turkish dental congress between 1 and 5 November 1932. In the beginning of the 1980s, radiology became an independent dental department. Today, in Turkey, there are about 45 dentistry faculties who have radiology departments. A lot of state-of-the-art devices are used not only in faculties but also in private clinics.

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Dens invaginatus (DI) is a rare developmental anomaly that results from an invagination of the enamel organ into the dental papilla during odontogenesis. The invagination ranges from a slight pitting (coronal type) to an anomaly occupying most of the crown and root (radicular type). Radicular DI is an unusual dental anomaly. Although a clinical examination may reveal a deep fissure or pit on tooth surface, but radiographic examination is the most realistic way to diagnose the invagination. The objective of this case presentation is to report a rare case of radicular dens invaginatus bilaterally in mandibular premolars.

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Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the dentist's knowledge and practice about dose reduction techniques, radiographic equipment and quality of dental radiographic service among private dental practitioners in Davangere City, India. Materials and Methods: The survey was performed on 80 dental practitioners from Davangere City, India. Information on the demographic characteristics of the dentists, radiographic equipment, techniques and processing they used and radiation protection was obtained with a 40 point questionnaire. Results: The study yielded a response rate of 90%. The respondents' knowledge concerning the technical details of their equipment was limited, with 27.7% not knowing kVp settings of their equipment. Only 11% and 5% respondents reported having long and rectangular collimators respectively. Regarding the film speed 16.6% dental practitioners were unaware about it. The most preferred technique (81%) for periapical radiography was the bisecting angle technique. Lead aprons were worn more often by female dentists. None of the dental practitioners had thyroid collars. The distance of the dentist to the radiation tube during exposure was on average 2.2 m, although 13% of the dentists assisted in holding the image receptor inside the patient's mouth. Only 4% of the dental practitioners reported that they used automatic processor. About 40% of the dental practitioners used film badges. Conclusions: In the present study, the results indicate that for minimizing any unnecessary radiation, attempts should be made to improve dentists' knowledge about radiation dose reduction techniques. Some dose-reducing strategies are commonly used in Davangere Dental clinics, whereas others have not gained wide acceptance.

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Lipoma is a benign mesenchymal tumor of mature fat cells. It is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the trunk and proximal portions of extremities. They account for the 0.5-5% of all benign tumors occurring in the oral cavity and hence presenting as an uncommon clinical entity intra-orally. In the oral cavity, they present as a slow growing, painless and asymptomatic yellowish sub-mucosal mass. Here is the case of a 45-year-old female, who presented with a growth in lower right buccal mucosal region. The purpose of this report is attempts to highlight the existence of this uncommon disease and to emphasis the need for dentists to be aware of frequency of occurrence of intraoral lipoma and hence that it is included in the differential diagnosis of oral soft tissue swellings.

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Dens evaginatus(DE) and dens invaginatus(DI) are rare developmental dental abnormalities. Though these variations in odontogenesis have been individually observed and reported, no case of concomitance of DE and DI in a supplemental premolar have been reported in the literature. For the clinicians, it is important to recognize these anomalies and to be knowledgeable about their management. The aims of this paper are to report the radiographic and tomographic findings of a novel case of DE with type II and IIIDI and to discuss the importance of early identification and efficient management of these anomalies.

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