Aims: The aim was to examine root canal morphology of permanent mandibular incisors in a Turkish sub-population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and Methods: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 382 patients with 1438 healthy permanent mandibular incisors were evaluated. According to Vertucci's classification, teeth were examined to determine the number of roots, the number of canals and canal configurations. The effects of gender and age on the incidence of root-canal morphology were investigated. Results: All of the permanent mandibular incisors had a single root. The majority of mandibular incisors (64.4%) had a single root with a single canal. A second root canal was present more frequently (35.6%) in the mandibular incisors. The prevalence of the two canals system was as follows: Left central incisor 37.9%, right central incisor 38.6%, left lateral incisor 37.4% and right lateral incisor 35.6% (P > 0.05). According to gender, 15.2% of teeth in males and 20.4% in females had a second canal (P > 0.05). Type 1 Vertucci configuration (64.4%) was the most prevalent configuration followed by type 3 (19.4%), type 2 (15.2%), type 5 (0.8%) and type 4 (0.2%). There was no effect of age and gender on the number of roots, number of canals and canal configurations. Conclusion: The prevalence of the second canal in mandibular incisors was high but within the range of previous studies performed on different populations. CBCT imaging is an excellent method for detection of different canal configurations of mandibular incisors.

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Context: Trabecular bone around dental implants has been rarely evaluated by means of fractal analysis. Aims: The aim was to assess fractal dimension (FD) values of peri-implant bone 12 months after implant installation and to compare these FD values with those of healthy control sites on the contralateral side of the implant area. Materials and Methods: Panoramic radiographs from 29 patients with 29 mandibular implants functioning for 12 months were analyzed. Radiographs were digitized at 300 dpi with 256 grey levels. Healthy trabecular bone from the corresponding contralateral implant-free area was referred as "control site." Three region of interests (ROIs) from mesial, distal and apical areas were selected for each implant and each control site. The FD from peri-implant and control ROIs were calculated by means of box-counting method. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA with repeated measure on one factor. The independent variable included a between-subjects variable, the site and within-subject variable, repeated measures of ROI. An alpha level of 0.05 was utilized. Results: Mean FD for apical, mesial and distal peri-implant areas were 1.220, 1.222 and 1.226 respectively while the corresponding results were 1.198, 1.183 and 1.202 for control sites. There was not a significant main effect between the FD values of implant and control sides (P = 0.332). Similarly, result of the main effect of ROI (apical, mesial, distal) on FD values was not statistically significant (P = 0.632). Conclusions: Fractal dimension values from trabecular bone around implants as calculated from panoramic radiographs at 12 months revealed comparable results with implant-free healthy alveolar bone.

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Vascular anomalies include a wide range of tumors and malformations. Among vascular anomalies, hemangioma is the most common. Hemangioma is considered as hamartomatous lesion, and half of these have predilection for head and neck region, but rarely seen in the oral cavity. Here, we report a case of hemangioma in the posterior third of the tongue in a 10-year-old female, which appeared localized well defined, reddish pink and lobulated mass with well-defined margins on intra-oral examination. A well-defined homogeneously hyperechoic space occupying lesion (measuring = 4.4 cm × 4.2 cm) seen on ultrasonography which showed abnormally increased vascularity on color Doppler suggesting a vascular etiology. Further evaluation was done on contrast enhanced computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging, which confirms its vascular nature and diagnosed as a case of hemangioma.

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Stafne bone cavity (SBC) is an asymptomatic lingual bone depression that usually described as a small oval homogenous radiolucency in the posterior mandibular region. The radiographic appearance and location of the SBC are characteristic and easily identified. The diagnosis can be confirmed by computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging or sialography. This report describes a case of SBC in a 61-year-old male asymptomatic patient, presenting as a radiolucency in the left mandibular body with loss of buccal and lingual cortical plates on three-dimensional CT scan.

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We report a rare case of unilateral masseter muscle swelling in a 44-year-old female patient who was provisionally diagnosed as cysticercosis of master muscle on ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. Intraoral excision of the cyst and histopathological examination confirm the mass as masseter cysticercosis.

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Giant cell reparative granuloma is also known as central giant cell granuloma with predilection for the mandible. It is a benign bone tumor, which creates a diagnostic dilemma for radiologist due to their rare occurrence and sometimes aggressive nature. We report a case of young male presenting with a fast growing, large right sided mandibular lump that was bony hard on palpation. There was nasal obstruction along with neck pain. The case was sent for panoramic radiography that revealed multiple radiolucent lesions involving the mandible and the maxillary bone. Further evaluation was done using cross-sectional imaging modality, that is, computed tomography that lead to an elaborate involvement of the mandible and maxilla with incidental lytic involvement of the hyoid bone as well as the C2 vertebral body. Tissue diagnosis was done where diagnosis of giant cell reparative granulomas was confirmed.

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Periapical osseous dysplasia (POD) and florid osseous dysplasia (FOD) are benign jaw conditions with normal architecture of bone replaced by fibroblast, collagen fibers and mineralized material. We are presenting a case of FOD with Klebsiella infection that rarely infects the jaws and a case of POD with rare maxillary involvement and role of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in its diagnosis. Evaluation with conventional and higher imaging was done. Pus culture was done for FOD associated infection. The case with POD was followed-up for 2 years to differentiate it from FOD. Case with extensive multiquadrant swellings and discharging sinus was diagnosed as FOD with Klebsiella infection and minor surgery performed successfully under antibiotic coverage. Another case was diagnosed as POD with CBCT, which revealed maxillary lesions not seen in two-dimensional imaging. Diagnosis was confirmed after a long follow-up due to its limited extent. Elective surgery can be performed under antibiotic coverage in FOD. POD can be seen in maxilla, and CBCT and long follow-up have important role in diagnosis.

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